The Experience Of Asylum Seekers Illegal Immigrants free essay sample

The Experience Of Asylum Seekers/Illegal Immigrants Coming To Britain Today Essay, Research Paper Refuge searchers and unlawful settlers have been in the media late in light of the fact that the specialists is going up against occupations over the consider of migrants joining the express every twelvemonth, because of monetary occupations and the accumulation of uses holding back to be endorsed. Over the past pair of months papers have revealed sad episodes where unlawful outsiders in their despondent interest to go toward the West hold gone to boundaries, seting their lives at threat to escape from their place country.There is a distinction between shelter searchers and illicit migrants. Refuge searchers are echt evacuees that on the off chance that they stay in their local state will be mistreated for their profound convictions, nationality, race or rank in a cultural of political opinion. They wish to come to Britain since they consider it to be a way to opportunity. Unlawful workers all things considered are individuals that enter the state for none of these grounds, undoubtedly in light of the fact that they need to exploit the benefits given to shelter searchers like confect by the specialists. We will compose a custom paper test on The Experience Of Asylum Seekers Illegal Immigrants or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, most unlawful migrants while geting in Britain will guarantee asylum, in any case this is non echt. The central conditions of start of asylum searchers and illicit outsiders are those that are altogether less great off than the West, typically with a socialist specialists and additionally topographic focuses where there is battle. These are states like Afganistan, Yugoslavia, Romania, China, Iraq and Iran.The manners by which illicit settlers and asylum searchers show up in this state shift hugely. In the insight a couple of months prior, 58 Chinese work powers were found dead in the back of a lorry where they had choked to perish while being carried over the Channel. These were all illicit settlers. Groups of these paid a human dealing pack the Snakeheads # 163 ; 14,000 to sneak one individual from China to England. Only two work powers endure, and were discovered semi-insensible under a load of dead bodies. Most unlawful workers are snuck into the state by packs who shroud them in lorries under green merchandise which is being imported in. While still in their local express, the family units can pay about half of the cash as a sedimentation, and one time they show up at their completion they should pay the rest of, will be held kept. In the days gone by, there have been considers of Rumanian grown-up females who can non bear the cost of the second installment and are constrained into harlotry, entreating or offense to take care of their obligation. Anyway this is most extreme. Other illicit foreigners travel into the state without the guide of packs, just like the individuals that two yearss back were found under the Eurostar train that went from France to London. On the off chance that they are found coming into the express, the illicit foreigner can do a verbal case that they are looking for asylum. Any individual discovered carrying an unlawful settler can be fined.Asylum searchers apply to the Home Office for home in the state. In the event that this is allowed they are permitted in legally, and are given arranged advantages that I will talk in this manner. For an application to be in all actuality, they need to run into one out of five of the principles referenced in the 1951 UN show # 8217 ; s meaning of an evacuee. Be that as it may, the specialists is introducing another in-movement and shelter act which makes in basically inconceivable for an echt shelter searcher to make Britain legitimately. Simply one of every five applications for homestead are acknowledged. This implies more individuals will come in Britain unlawfully, rather than be dismissed by the Home Office. On the off chance that the application is separate erectile brokenness, the asylum searcher can request against the assurance. In a perfect world, the searcher ought to acquire legitimate guide while applying, yet ordinarily they talk tiny English and have no contacts over in Britain, so lawful counsel is difficult to acquire. They should move up grounds that shows they endured oppression in their local express, this makes the application bound to be acknowledged. On the off chance that the supplication is other than dismissed, the shelter searcher is either so immediately ousted, or fingerprinted and discharged on fleeting admission.If the Home Office awards a settler shelter, they are given sure advantages so they have the essential comfortss to populate off. In the first place, each individual shelter searcher allowed induction is given a # 163 ; 25 verifier to go in stores to buy their supplement. In add-on to this they get 10 lbs in hard money as their? pocket cash? . The Home Secretary Jack Straw late educated that the general stores do non give adjustment from the verifiers, as migrants were passing the verifiers on something extremely little, for example, a Mars Bar, so using the modification to buy extra, non-indispensable buys. The no-change framework other than holds the expense down of shelter searchers. On top, the workers are given housing advantages or free housing.Many individuals become truly harsh by the hand-outs given to foreigners in this state. This can take to inclination, and power against the outsiders. Numerous individuals do non trust it is directly for asylum searchers to have supplement verifiers, pocket cash and housing benefits, while they need to work and battle to pay for these. This makes bigotry more awful, and surges on shelter searchers on Glasgow dwelling domains has been in the media previously. At present Calais has a vocation with power as homo dealing packs are holding disputes.Another work that is associated with asylum searchers and illicit foreigners is at the Home Office. The applications for passage to the state has endured an accumulation and more than 104,000 applications are holding back to be affirmed. This accumulation happened after the mechanized removal framework went erroneous and at its more awful, only 800 conclusions were made in one month. The specialists has presented new strides over the applications. An overabundance 600 million lbs has been given to help unclutter this accumulation, and this other than goes toward utilizing another 6,000 individuals to O.K. or on the other hand dismissal applications, and do the entirety framework a lot speedier. Another in-movement and shelter act is being presented this April to do it all the more hard for shelter searchers to come in into the state. Nonetheless, ? this could do the figure of illicit migrants come ining Britain rise, so there are expanded minds lorries coming into the Dover and Folkestone ports. The specialists is other than looking to disseminate the asylum searchers out over the entire of the United Kingdom as such huge numbers of live in Kent, the board there was battling for its assets. It is clear what number of asylum searchers there are the point at which you stroll around Margate in Kent and see them all in the quaint little inns. Another activity for the Home Office is that the cashless installment framework with verifiers is an extremely mind boggling system and by and by costs multiple times each piece a lot to run as it would to only manus out the hard cash. It has gone round ordinarily, where asylum searchers were non having their supplement verifiers for hebdomads on terminal and were actually wanting. Numerous individuals are stressing in light of the fact that the principal clasp ever, the figure of migrants come ining the state has surpassed the characteristic populace developing, with relocation figures remaining at 140,000 for each twelvemonth, and characteristic populace developing remaining at 90,000 for every year.In choice:

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Buyer law - Essay Example (1) If the indebted person under a borrower bank provider understanding falling inside area 12(b) or (c) has, comparable to an exchange financed by the understanding, any case against the provider in regard of a distortion or penetrate of agreement, he will have a like case against the loan boss who with the provider, will likewise be together and severally subject to the account holder. (2) Subject to any understanding between them, the loan boss will be qualified for be reimburse by the provider for misfortune endured by the bank in fulfilling his risk under sub-segment (1), including costs sensibly caused by him in protecting procedures established by the account holder. (2) Civil impact. Any arrangement of a credit contract that forces a money related obligation disallowed by subsection (1) is void to the degree that it does as such. On the off chance that a sum that is precluded by subsection (1) is paid, it might be recuperated. A credit supplier must not (an) Enter into a credit contract on terms forcing a fiscal risk restricted by segment 21(1); or (b) Require or acknowledge installment of a sum in regard of a money related obligation that can't be forced reliably with this Code. (1) The Court, on application by the indebted person or mortgagor, may arrange a credit supplier to credit the account holder or mortgagor with an installment, fixed by the Court, surpassing the net continues of offer on the off chance that it isn't fulfilled that the credit supplier sold the products when sensibly practicable (or at such other time as the credit supplier and borrower or mortgagor concurred) at the best cost sensibly realistic. (2) On application by the indebted person or mortgagor, the mortgagee under any earlier home loan to which the merchandise are subject or the mortgagee under any resulting home loan of which the credit supplier has notice, the Court, if not fulfilled that the acknowledge supplier agreed for area 78, may make a request requiring the credit supplier to repay the account holder or mortgagor or the

How to Write the Perfect Blurb for Your Novel

How to Write the Perfect Blurb for Your Novel If youve ever browsed a bookstore to find a new great novel to read, you automatically know the importance of a book blurb. Although it is only around 200 words, the book blurb will be one of the most important drivers for marketing and selling your work as an author. So, if there were a few hundred words you should definitely spend a lot of time and energy onâ€"these are those words!Between 100 and 200 words and usually found on the back cover of a novel, the book blurb serves several purposes. First, it helps readers know if your book is a story they will be interested in reading. If they are a genre enthusiast, it will let them know that this particular novel falls within that genre. As they read it, they will search for keywords to clue them in on what kind of story it is and whether its worth their time as a reader.Second, websites such as Amazon and other online retailers will use the blurb to describe what the book is about on the product page. Since more people are buying the ir books online than ever before, its safe to say that your blurb can mean the difference between success or failure as an author and promoter of your work.Websites such as Amazon and other online retailers will use the blurb to describe what the book is about on the product page, so it will be an excellent marketing tool if you sell your book online. Photo by Christian Wiediger on Unsplash.What to include in your book blurbThe easiest way to make sure you include everything that should be included in a book blurb is to answer the 4 Ws: Who, what, when and where. Essentially, the blurb should introduce your main character and setting, show a reader what the books primary conflict is, and entice fans by establishing the genre and a few highlighted plot points.For example, consider the following blurb from bestselling author James Pattersons newest novel, The Inn.The Inn at Gloucester stands alone on the rocky shoreline. Its seclusion suits former Boston police detective Bill Robinson , novice owner and innkeeper. As long as the dozen residents pay their rent, Robinson doesnt ask any questions. Neither does Sheriff Clayton Spears, who lives on the second floor.Then Mitchell Cline arrives, with a deadly new way of doing business. His crew of local killers break laws, deal drugs, and bring violence to the doors of the Inn. Thats when Robinson realizes, with the help of journalist Susan Solie, that leaving the city is no escape from the reality of evil -- or the responsibility for action.Teaming up with Sheriff Spears and two fearless residents -- Army veteran Nick Jones and groundskeeper Effie Johnson -- Robinson begins a risky defense. The solitary inhabitants of the Inn will have to learn, before time runs out, that their only choice is between standing together -- or dying alone.Book description on Amazon.comWhoSince a books characters are the focus of a story, you should tell potential readers who your story is about within the first few lines of your blurb. Yo ull notice that for Pattersons novel, we learn who the main character will be on the second line of the blurb. We also learn the name(s) of the antagonists, along with a few secondary characters. The reader isnt given a lot of backstory but there are some elements of it included in the blurb in order to show points of conflict in the story (for example, we know the main character is a former Boston police detective who now enjoys seclusion). Also, keep in mind that youll want to avoid explaining the entire character arc of the main character, since this spoils the opportunity for your reader to discover that arc on their own.WhereThe setting of a novel is also a primary driver for potential readers to determine if they want to read a story. For example, someone living in New England might be attracted to novels set there, so relating the books setting in the blurb is as important as relating information about the main character(s). For Pattersons book, the blurb informs the reader o f the setting in the first sentence.What (happens)Think of this portion of your blurb as explaining to a potential reader what happens in the story. Obviously, you dont want to give away significant plot twists or offer a summary of the entire plot, but you at least need to be able to establish what the primary point of conflict will be and how the story will evolve. This what happens portion of the blurb will likely be the hardest part to compose and several drafts might be needed before you finally get it right.WhenThis is the part of the blurb when you tell your potential readerâ€"whether subtly or overtlyâ€"whether the story is set in the present, a historical period, or the future. As with setting, it can be an important selling point if a potential reader enjoys reading stories set in that time period or point in history.Lets look at another example on the New York Times Bestseller list, Old Bones by Douglas Preston.Nora Kelly, a young curator at the Santa Fe Institute of Arch aeology, is approached by historian Clive Benton with a once-in-a-lifetime proposal: to lead a team in search of the so-called Lost Camp of the tragic Donner Party. This was a group of pioneers who earned a terrible place in American history when they became snow-bound in the California mountains in 1847, their fate unknown until the first skeletonized survivors stumbled out of the wilderness, raving about starvation, murder-and cannibalism.Benton tells Kelly he has stumbled upon an amazing find: the long-sought diary of one of the victims, which has an enigmatic description of the Lost Camp. Nora agrees to lead an expedition to locate and excavate it-to reveal its long-buried secrets.Once in the mountains, however, they learn that discovering the camp is only the first step in a mounting journey of fear. For as they uncover old bones, they expose the real truth of what happened, one that is far more shocking and bizarre than mere cannibalism. And when those ancient horrors lead to present-day violence on a grand scale, rookie FBI agent Corrie Swanson is assigned the case...only to find that her first investigation might very well be her last.Book description from Amazon.comFrom this blurb, our four W questions are answered (who, what, when, where) in the first paragraph, then additional plot points are offered in the following two paragraphs. Combined with appealing language such as bizarre, ancient horrors, and real truth, the blurb presents an appealing glance at the elements the story contains and what readers can expect while reading it.Creating drafts for feedbackOne of the best ways to ensure that youve written a successful and engaging book blurb is to test it out on readers. To do this, you should first create several different drafts or potential book blurbs. Tweak the language and description slightly in each draft, but be sure that each contains the necessary elements of who, what, when and where.After you have written three or four potential book blurbs, share them with your friends and family to find out which one is the most engaging for them. If youre a member of a writing forum or author collective, test your blurbs on fellow writers to gauge which one is the strongest. In doing this, youre likely to discover the perfect formula for a blurb that works in your favor for successful marketing strategy. Youre also likely to receive feedback on why a particular draft works better than another.If youre a member of a writing forum or author collective, test your blurbs on fellow writers to gauge which one is the strongest. In doing this, youre likely to discover the perfect formula for a blurb that works in your favor for successful marketing strategy. Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash.Wordcloud itAnother tip to consider before getting started on your book blurb is to write a 300 to 500-word summary of your story then create a wordcloud out of that summary. In case youre not familiar with what a wordcloud is, it is a visual co llection of keywords that are used often within a chunk of text. Creating a wordcloud based on your novels summary will pull out the keywords that are repeated or used often, showing you keywords that should definitely make it into the final draft of your book blurb.Think like a salespersonUltimately, your books blurb should be an elevator pitch to your potential readers. Just as a sales professional would fine-tune and hone his or her sales pitch, youll need to put the same time and energy into making sure your books blurb is the best it can possibly be. When it comes time to market your book, youll be thankful you did.

Era by Era Timeline of Ancient Roman History

The Death Of Alexander And The Egyptian Pharaoh Essay

glimpse at his often-times tumultuous relationships with his mother, who insists he is the son of Zeus, and his father who exiles Alexander and his mother from the kingdom for insubordination. Ptolemy, Alexander’s general who became the Egyptian pharaoh following the death of Alexander, narrates the story at an old age to scribes in Egypt. Ptolemy was present and was a primary source for many of the events in the history of Alexander and he did, in fact, write down his accounts of those events. Those documents no longer exist. However, the film does not attempt to cover all of the battles Alexander and his troops fought, rather it basically covers two of the major battles in spectacular cinematic fashion. Sadly, it seems, those battles are nowhere near accurate. It is more than reasonable to understand why it is impossible to put all of a 7-year campaign, plus a childhood in one movie, but it is not unreasonable to expect one to get the history correct on what is included. The re are several historical inaccuracies in the movie, which is upsetting. Before the battle at Gaugamela, Alexander gives an inspirational speech in which he rallies his men to battle â€Å"for the glory of Greece† with no mention of Macedonia. This slight to his homeland is no doubt a huge mistake by the filmmakers. The focus of the film seems, rather than on historical events, to be on romanticizing the young Alexander. This would be acceptable if the character of Alexander were well developed and weShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Alexander, The Egyptian Pharaoh Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pages Ptolemy, Alexander’s general who became the Egyptian Pharaoh following the death of Alexander, narrates the story at an old age to scribes in Egypt. Ptolemy, a primary source for many of the events in the history of Alexander, did, in fact, write down his accounts of those events. Unfortunately, those documents no longer exist. Understandably, the film does not attempt to cover al l of the battles in which Alexander and his troops fought, rather it basically covers two of the major battles in spectacularRead MoreHistory of Conquerors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesconquerors, Alexander the Great would incorporate his Greek culture with the culture of the land that he conquered. When Alexander went to conquer Egypt in 332 BCE, he made an effort to try to learn and understand the Egyptian culture. By learning the culture, it showed the Alexander respected the Egyptian culture earning the trust from the native Egyptians back. Alexander went to Memphis and Apis which is part of the tradition to become a pharaoh, so he would be seen as a legitimate ruler and pharaoh ofRead MoreEssay Cleopatra957 Words   |  4 Pages Significant Woman: Cleopatra amp;#9;I chose to write my amp;quot;Significant Womanamp;quot; paper on Egypt’s last pharaoh, Cleopatra. When I began my report, I knew very little about Cleopatra, except that she was the mistress of both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony of Rome. I wondered what impacts on history Cleopatra made on her own. amp;#9;I feel that Cleopatra was a very significant woman in history because she was very aggressive and assertive, characteristics that have always been consideredRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Ancient Egypt1572 Words   |  7 Pageswas religion, it shaped the everyday life of all the egyptians. They wanted an afterlife in Aaru, heaven. It was the ultimate goal. People s lives were rotating around religion, and everything that was tangent to it. The peculiarity of religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians developed because of the geographical location of the state. Around 3000 B.C.E. on the Nile delta, Upper and Lower Egypt merged under the leadership of the first pharaoh, Menes. This union noted the influence of African cultureRead MoreEssay on Development of Ancient Egypt823 Words   |  4 Pages Egypt belonged to a living god (Pharaoh). The Pharaoh had a bureaucracy, and 2 viziers, one for each half of Egypt. Civil servants gave each farmer a certain amount of grain from the state granary. The purpose of economy was to provide luxury for the Pharaoh. The most important aspect of the Egyptian economy was agriculture, which was the backbone of Egyptian prosperity. Egyptian civilization was characterized by continuity over thousands of years. Egyptians believed in cyclical rather thanRead MoreEgyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Empire1614 Words   |  7 Pagespower by expansion and leaving a legacy behind. One of the greatest civilization that arose in the history of the world is the Egyptian empire. Egyptian Civilization has contributed plenty to the world civilization and use most of its contributions today. Egyptian Empire started with the reign of Egypt’s first king, Narmer, in approximately 3100 BCE, and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a three series of stable Kingdoms which are: the Old KingdomRead MoreEgypt: the Five Themes of Geography1416 Words   |  6 PagesEgypt- The Five Themes of Geography Egypt is a land of rich culture, society, religion, customs, and prosperity. Tourists flock over in floods to marvel at the wonders of Egypt: the pyramids, the temples, the Sphinx, and the fortresses. But if the Egyptians hadn’t been lucky to stumble upon the land of Egypt, there would not be much left to see. Egypt’s unique geography separates it from other lands. Each of the five themes of geography, which are location, region, place, interaction, and movement,Read MoreUnderstanding The New Kingdom Of Egypt1723 Words   |  7 Pagesof ancient Egypt. From the Ancient Greeks, who treated Egypt with venerable respect, to Alexander the Great, and Napoleon, who felt it was imperative to go there, few other cultures have represented so much of universal value to all humans. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of the ancient New Kingdom of Egypt. An emphasis on scholarly views will focus on culture, agriculture, Nubian Pharaohs, religion, and war. Of pa rticular interest is the manner in which this historical knowledgeRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Nile River1287 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Egypt Unified in around 3100 BC, Ancient Egyptians developed one of the best known cultures in this world. Egypt, like many other civilizations before and after it, depended and relied on geography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-mile stretch of the Nile. EveryRead MoreThe Life and Death of Cleopatra1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life and Death of Cleopatra Everyone wonders how Cleopatra gained control of Egypt and what she did while she reigned. Cleopatra ruled during the Ptolemaic Dynasty (BBC). The Ptolemaic rule ended with the death of this impressive woman. In Cleopatra’s lifetime she inherited the throne of Egypt; fell in love with two influential Romans, just to kill herself to escape punishment by Octavian. Cleopatra’s father, King Auteles’, also known as Ptolemy XII or â€Å"The Piper† because he could play the

Coral Reefs Free Essays

Last week I started to work on my research about coral reefs, and I realized how important they are. Coral reefs are the most various and beautiful of all nautical habitats. However, it’s colorful plants and there are three different kinds of coral reefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Reefs or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion, I think coral reefs should be preserved instead of being victim by tourists for their own benefits. They will inevitably demolish coral reefs. In this essay I will mention two things; facts about coral reefs and why the tourists are should not take of the coral reefs. The first and most important reason is coral reefs need to be preserved because they availability nutrients and lodging for fish, worms, sponges and sea turtles few of them rely on them for their survival. They can’t be replaced because it’s hard to grow and it’s take thousands year to be fully. People and pollutants of costal are too dangerous for them. People destroy them by diving and mining and Pollutants of costal kills coral reefs. If we let tourists take of coral reefs, the consequences will be extinction. The second reason, I believed that visitors should not take them of the bottom of a sea. Due to their advantages, for example, they Protect shores from the effect of waves and storms. Also, it protects small fish from big fish and starts fish are eating it, if they stop eating it, they will explode. â€Å"The starfish eats the delicate coral polyps which form the thin film of flesh on the outside of the coral skeleton. Coral reefs represent the most biologically diverse habitat on earth and are entirely self-sufficient generating and recycling all the nutrients they need but they are under serious threat with 10 per cent already dead and another 70 per cent threatened by human activity,† By Paul Eccleston. In conclusion, the tourist should not take coral reefs because they have a lot of benefits. There is a good contraction between coral and worms, fish and sponges. We have to save our sea because we can take advantages from them such as, food and medicine. How to cite Coral Reefs, Papers

Editorial Analysis Essay Example For Students

Editorial Analysis Essay â€Å"We are all equal; it is not birth but virtue alone that makes the difference.† This insightful quote from the famous French philosopher and historian â€Å"Voltaire† seems to accurately represent the beliefs of the factions of American citizens pushing to allow women to fight in combat positions within the US Armed Forces. Though the topic has just recently been boosted into the media and congressional politics, it has been long debated. A rather current editorial from USA Today titled: â€Å"Open Combat Positions to Women† outlines the recent developments in the status of a much disputed and controversial issue facing the nation today. Though somewhat less in-depth than some opposing opinions, the USA Today article establishes credible and provoking arguments with specific evidence that incites some hesitation on behalf of the naysayers contradictory reports and dissents; all the while, creating a valid representation of the views offered by the supporters . In the article mentioned above, there are many components to the argument and evidence presented. As far as tone and stylistic approach, the author remains very serious, stern, and unyielding throughout and presents the opposing viewpoint as â€Å"clouded in fiction† and â€Å"removed from reality†. Though the opposition isn’t represented as ignorant, the author is very firm in their opinions and believes that anyone who disagrees is simply in denial or has some personal stake that would negatively affect them if women were to enter into combat in the armed forces. In the beginning of the USA Today editorial, two specific examples of women who have placed their lives on the line or been injured by participating in extremely dangerous missions are given. The author appeals to the reader’s emotions with these examples and gives accurate evidence of women who already risk their lives but don’t receive recognition for it. Statistics are also presented that evaluate the many women who have lost their lives and been injured while serving in the armed forces and participating in missions whose â€Å"main purpose wasn’t direct combat on the ground.† The author goes on to explain that while women are fighting and risking their lives on the battlefield, the government refuses to acknowledge their sacrifices and give them equal rights to serve their country. Also in the beginning of the editorial, the author refers back to the two women who fought on the front lines. Those women as well as two other servicewomen filed suit in attempt to overturn the law established in 1994 which states as follows: †Rule: Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground, as defined below. Definition: Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile forces personnel. Direct combat take s place well forward on the battlefield while locating an closing with the enemy to defeat then by fire, maneuver or shock effect.† The author goes on to state that, despite what happens in court with the lawsuit filed by the four servicewomen, the issue should never have to go to court in order to be acted upon. The author seems to think that it is simply a matter of logical thinking. Some other supporting evidence in the editorial is the Author’s use of a Gallup Pole to prove that Americans no longer oppose the idea of women on the front lines. Also specific quotes are used from a well-know male armor officer who attests to women already risking their lives in the line of fire but not being recognized for it because the government has contorted the laws and definitions. At the end of the editorial, the author goes into some details about the physical requirements for those serving in combat positions, how the solution is simple, and how the armed forces should strive for equality and concludes that congress is taking small steps in the right direction. .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .postImageUrl , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:hover , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:visited , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:active { border:0!important; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:active , .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19 .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda73b74a8aa3fdcf594de08d797f9b19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Content Analysis : Using Content Based On The Impressions Of A ReaderFrom an analytical point of view, the editorial from USA Today immediately established credibility with the first evidence and supporting examples. There is an abundance of evidence for the short two-page window that the author has to offer it. The author doesn’t use any jargon or political terms meant to confuse or mislead the reader. Also, the author does a very satisfactory job of explaining the facts surrounding the argument without being biased or one-sided. Though there is room for much improvement, overall the editorial is a firm and testable argument and serves its purpose well. As in most any written argument, the author wants to present their opinions in the most positive and factual light. Usually only supporting evidence is given for the reader to comprehend and digest. This includes: specific accounts with concurring viewpoints and validating examples. While the author will oftentimes address or evaluate the opposition, it would be counteractive to the whole foundation and motive of the argument to agree with, or present facts in favor of, the opposite side. The article previously discussed and critiqued mostly follows this schema. Though there are some hidden premises, the author does briefly address some of the opposing viewpoints. The editorial only very briefly mentions the opposing argument that: â€Å"a change in policy may cost lives† but offers no retort to the claim. Also, the fact that â€Å"†¦some infantrymen would be unable to take orders from a female combat leader†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is brought up and the author offers a seemingly simple solution to this complex counterargument. The final recognition of opposing opinion by the author is in the statement claiming: †Many of the objections trotted out by opponents simply dont hold up to scrutiny.† Again, the author fails to prove this statement with in-depth evidence and goes on to only address one specific â€Å"objection trotted out by opponents.† The issue featured in the USA Today editorial â€Å"Open Combat Jobs to Women† is difficult to resolve for many possible reasons. First, there are no previous precedents in the situation of women in the armed forces that can help legislation to predict the possible gain or loss they will receive. There doesn’t seem to be a way to calculate what the reaction will be to letting women serve in combat until legislation allows it. In reference to the lawsuit by the four servicewomen, the Supreme Court must also set a new precedent. As with any issue involving women’s rights or equal rights in general, the Constitution is always brought into discussion. Problems encountered in our society that call for an interpretation of the Constitution are often met with an incredible amount of hesitation, deliberation and conflict among citizens, social groups, minorities and legislators. USA Today’s Editorial creates a valid representation of the supporting viewpoints for women in combat positions while also establishing credibility with provoking arguments that incite hesitation for opposition. To review somewhat, although the author does an adequate job in arguing their point, there is some room for improvement both structurally and logistically. However, from a reader’s point of view, the editorial has a reasonably strong argument that at least provokes the reader to question their current beliefs and views on the topic discussed.

Milk †How Long is the Shelf Life

Milk – How Long is the Shelf Life Free Online Research Papers THE SHELF LIFE OF MILK Introduction While there is little controversy over many aspects of product development, food quality issues and safety processes must be taken into consideration. Critical discussion of biotechnology and its application in the food marketplace has resulted in a firestorm of public debate, scientific discussion, and media coverage. The countries most affected by this debate are Middle Eastern and third world countries, who stand to reap the benefits of solving widespread starvation, and countries such as the United States. The world’s population is predicted to double in the next 50 years and ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is already a challenge. Scientists must meet the challenge through the production of food products that meet the highest quality issues and follow intense safety processes. Milk is an important food product that is an essential part of a healthy diet, although this product appears to have a relatively short shelf life once the container is opened. This paper will analyze the shelf-life of milk, taking onto consideration the quality issues surrounding safety in the milk-manufacturing process. Benefits of Milk Milk, a natural liquid food, is one of the most nutritionally complete foods, adding high-quality protein, fat, milk, sugar, essential vitamins and minerals to one’s diet. Milk contains bacteria that, when improperly handled, may create conditions where the bacteria can multiply. The microorganisms that constitute bacteria can find their way to the hair, udder, and teats of dairy cows and can move up the teat canal. Some of these germs cause an inflammatory disease of the udder called mastitis while others enter the milk without causing any harm to the animal. In addition, organisms can enter the milk supply during the milking process when equipment is used in milking, transporting, and storing the milk is not properly cleaned and sanitized. All milk products have the potential to transmit disease causing organisms to humans. Ironically, the nutritional components that make milk and milk products an important part of the diet also support the growth of organisms. In add ition, milk is only good for a certain period of time; after this time frame, it becomes spoiled and potentially dangerous. Milk Shelf-Life The â€Å"shelf-life† of a product is defined as the length of time that a food can be held under recommended or practical storage conditions and still maintain its freshness or acceptable quality (Cornell University, 2000). The shelf-life of milk is reflected in the â€Å"sell by† date, while many products stay fresh for a short period of time, consisting of days, after this date. Milk is commonly referred to in two different ways; pasteurized and ultra-pasteurized. Both pasteurization and ultra-pasteurization refer to the heat processes that are designed to kill bacteria, or germs, in milk that may be harmful or may cause spoilage of milk products. These kinds of bacteria can be found in raw milk directly from the farm; as a result milk from farms is transported to dairy processing plants and is heat processed within a few days after milking to prolong its shelf-life. Drinking raw milk causes foodborne illnesses, which have occurred worldwide since cows have been milked. Historically, cows have been milked in farms as far back as 9000 B.C., however, it was not until colonial times in 1611 that dairy cows were raised (Shearer, et.al., 1992). During this period, the majority of cows were used for dairy and beef purposes, and milk and dairy products were unavailable for those not living on or near the farm. Milk production was seasonal, and the stabilization of this production was precluded as a result of the lack of refrigeration History of Milk Processing Over the years, the modern technology involved in milk processing have rectified these problems and in the present-day a wide array of safe, wholesome dairy products are available to people throughout the developed world (Shearer et.al., 1992). The production of quality milk affects consumers, retail distributors of milk, milk product processors, and state regulatory departments. In the 1900’s it was discovered that milk can transmit tuberculosis, scarlet fever and diphtheria to humans; the threat of these diseases and the incidence of outbreaks involving milk have been drastically reduced over the decades of the past as a result of improved sanitary milk production practices and pasteurization. Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated to a minimum of o161 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 15 seconds, and packaged under clean and sanitized conditions. Some bacteria will survive under pasteurization in very low numbers, though they are not considered harmful and will not spoil milk under normal refrigerated conditions (Cornell University, 2000). Pasteurized milk that spoils quickly is most often the result of contamination after the pasteurization process. The average shelf-life of pasteurized milk held under proper refrigeration is 12 to 16 days (Cornell University, 2000). Under ideal refrigeration, most pasteurized milk will remain fresh for 2 to 5 days after its sell by date (Cornell University, 2000). Ultra-pasteurized Milk Ultra-pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated to a minimum of 280 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 2 seconds. This temperature and time kills virtually all spoilage bacteria in milk. Ultra-pasteurized milk is packaged under near sterile conditions, which makes contamination with spoilage bacteria unlikely and rare (Cornell University, 2000). Ultra-pasteurization is most often used for specialty diary products and has an average shelf-life of 30 to 90 days when held under refrigeration, but only until the product is opened. Once an ultra-pasteurized product is opened, it may become contaminated with spoilage bacteria, so after opening, it ultra-pasteurized milk should be kept well refrigerated and used within 7 to 10 days for best quality. Milk Safe Handling There are three main requirements for the safe handling of milk: 1) a potable water supply and proper dispensing system must be available to avoid contamination, 2) clean and healthy animals, clean hands, and clean utensils, and 3) rapid cooling, cold storage, proper pasteurization, and clean storage of pasteurized milk. The first requirement consists of a pure hot and cold water supply for the animals’ health, and for proper cleaning of the animals, milk handles and utensils, along with regular maintenance of the system. Additionally, the animal’s hair should be clipped regularly around the flanks and udder to prevent it from collecting dirt. For the second requirement, milkers should wash their hands and the udder with clean water or use an approved germicidal solution before milking. Most importantly, milk from diseased animals or those under antibiotic treatment may not be used. All equipment and utensils should be cleaned immediately after use. Finally, milk must be promptly cooled to 40 degrees Fahrenheit or less and stored in a closed container before and after pasteurization to maintain the quality and flavor of the milk. After the milk is taken from the cow, it continues through further handling and processing. Milk processing has three main objectives: 1) the destruction of human pathogens through pasteurization, 2) keeping the quality of the product without significant loss of flavor, appearance, physical and nutritive properties, and 3) the selective control of organisms which may produce unsatisfactory products (Shearer et.al., 1992). The procedures at milk processing plants prevent further bacterial contamination of raw materials, reduce bacterial numbers in milk, and protect the finished product from recontamination through careful handling, proper packaging and storage. Certain organisms are capable of surviving pasteurization and refrigeration processes, which an important concern because they reduce the product’s shelf-life. The bacteria of most concern are psychrotropic bacteria, which can grow at refrigeration temperatures and can produce off-flavors. The primary source of thes e bacteria is in the environment, such as air, dust and dirty equipment, so the proper cleaning and sanitizing procedures are necessary for quality control. Grade A milk quality standards allow a maximum of 100,000 bacteria per milliliters of raw milk (Shearer at.al., 1992). Chronic offenders of this standard risk losing their license to sell milk to the Grade A market, and the majority of dairies are able to maintain bacteria counts between 5 to 10,000 per milliliter. Dairy cooperatives are organized by dairymen for the purpose of marketing milk, and instead of buying milk directly from the farms, milk processors buy their milk directly from the dairy cooperative. Cooperatives serve the dairymen by promoting dairy products, providing an effective lobby for political concerns, and informing members on issues such as water quality, waste management, and milk pricing. Other state departments are responsible for the safe production of milk as well. The United States Public Health Service promotes the consumption of milk for good nutrition, recognizes that the potential for milkborne illnesses is a significant public health threat, and has agreements for reciprocal acceptance of milk and milk products between political jurisdictions. The milk sanitation program of the United States Public Health Service has been very successful; in 1938, milkborne disease outbreaks constituted 25% of all disease outbreaks resulting from infected foods and contaminated water supplies. Today, less than 1% of such disease outbreaks can be linked to the consumption of milk and milk products (Shearer et.al., 1992). Milk-borne Diseases However, although fewer cases of milkborne ailments exist today, the possibility is still realistic. For example, more than 300 people in the United States got sick from drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk in 2001, and nearly 200 became ill from these products in 2002 (Bren, 2004). Most health people recover from foodborne illnesses within a short period of time, but others may have symptoms that are chronic, severe, or life-threatening. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, children and those with certain diseases or conditions, are most at risk for severe infections from pathogens that may be present in raw milk. In pregnant women, listeria monocytogenes caused illnesses that resulted in miscarriage, fetal death, or the illness or death of a newborn infant (Bern, 1994). Furthermore, escherichia coli infection has been linked to hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition that can cause kidney failure and death (Bern, 1994). As a result of such potential infections, the United States Public Health Service/Food and Drug Administration, divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, have developed a policy or regulations with regard to milk quality. This model is known as the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance of 1978 (PMO), and contains the milk quality standards recommended to states, counties and municipalities. The following adoptions of these procedures by state legislatures, policy and standards by the individual states must be equal to be not lessor than those standards outlined in the PMO. States such as Florida and Illinois have their own divisions vested with the responsibility of policy making, licensing and inspecting of dairy farms and processing plants, and enforcement’s of individual Grade A milk programs. Federal Agencies Milk The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides oversight for the processing of raw milk into pasteurized milk, cottage cheese, yogurt and sour cream under the National Conference on Intestate Milk Shipments â€Å"Grade A† milk program. This cooperative between the FDA and the 50 states including Puerto Rico helps to ensure the uniformity of milk regulations and the safety of milk and milk products (Bern, 1994). This program is also based on the PMO, and under the Grade A program, state personnel conduct inspections and assign ratings that are audited by FDA regional milk specialists. The FDA Grade A milk program includes pasteurized milk from cows, sheep, goats, and horses. Raw milk and raw milk cheeses cannot be labeled Grade A, since they are not pasteurized and not covered under the program (Berns, 1994). Finally, the quality and safety processes for milk remains a concern for consumers, dairy farmers, and the government agencies that regulate milk and milk products. The world continues to grow, and the production of milk must continue to meet up to standards. According to the United Nations Population Division Report, the world population reached 6.1 billion in mid-2000 and is currently growing at an annual rate of 1.2%. Six of the poorest countries such as India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, are responsible for half the observed growth. In 2050 the total world population is expected to be around 13 billion people, of which 11 billion will be in underdeveloped regions. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization estimates that world agricultural exports increased at an average annual rate of 3.2% in value terms from 1990 to 1999, with food exports growing at a rate of 3.7%. However, the agricultural trade of developing countries during this per iod represents only 50% of total world exports and it is concentrated in a minority of developing countries, a situation that creates an uneven trade balance in food from developed to developing countries. Conclusion The world’s milk production depends on agencies such as the FDA and national cooperation between dairy farms. Other suggestions for a comprehensive milk quality improvement system include the investigation of health status of raw milk, and the clear delineation of responsibilities for quality investigation, for activities and processes to improve milk quality. Processes such as pasteurization have created an extended shelf-life for milk and milk products. The government could also implement an extension service for milk producers, which would secure the necessary problem areas and would be aimed at obtaining the highest degree of efficiency and synergy. This service could include technical supervision, herd management, cow behavior, milking technique, animal health and hygiene and continuing education on milking techniques. Fortunately, the threat of milkborne diseases and the incidence of outbreaks involving milk and milk products has been greatly reduced over the decade s due to improved sanitary milk production practices and pasteurization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bren, L. (2004). Got Milk? Make sure its Pasteurized. FDA Consumer Magazine, September- October Issue. Cornell University. 2000. Pasteurized versus Ultra Pasteurized Milk – Why such Sell-by Dates? Retrieved September 29, 2006, from Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Web site. Shearer, J. Bachman, K., Boosinger, J. (1992). The Production of Quality Milk. Retrieved September 29, 2006, from the University of Florida Website: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/DS112. Bren, Linda. Got milk? Make sure it’s pasteurized. findarticles.com. 22 Dec 2009. FDA, Web. 22 Dec 2009. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1370/is_5_38/ai_n6198587/ . World Health Organization. 2007. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP). Retrieved July 3, 2009. who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/haccp/en/. Research Papers on Milk - How Long is the Shelf LifeGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Color Psychology In Marketing The Complete Guide [Free Download]

Color Psychology In Marketing The Complete Guide [Free Download] In content marketing, color is an emotional cue. In an ocean of content marketing, color can help yours stand out. Its what  gets your audience to see what you want them to see, feel what you want them to feel, and to do what you want them to do. Which hues  you choose can  also affect usability  and  whether content is  readable it or not. This is what makes  understanding color psychology so important for the success of your content. However, poor  color choice can also negatively change the impact of your message. Get it wrong, and your great content and your amazing call to action  will be easily ignored. Even NASA is concerned about color;  enough so that they provide free online resources  to help non-designers choose just the right shades. After reading this post, youll understand basic color theory and psychology. Plus, weve included a free hex color chart to make  picking the right colors with easy with any design tool. Ready to become an expert? Lets jump in! Table of Contents: Basics of Color Theory Primary Colors Secondary Colors Tertiary Colors Pure Color Tints Shades Tones The Complete Color Wheel Using Contrast Choosing Color Combos Using Complementary Colors Addressing Color-Blindness Using Split-Complementary Colors Using Analagous Colors Using Monochromatic Colors Using Triangle, Rectangle, and Square Colors Psychology of Colors in Marketing Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Pink Brown Gold Black White Bright Colors Cultural Colors Word Associations With Color Preferences by Gender Mood and Emotions Brand Recognition TestingThe Know It All Guide To #ColorPsychology In Marketing + The Best Hex Chart Let's Start With The Basics Of Color Theory Understanding how color works isn't just for artists dipping their hands into paint and pigments all day long. Anyone in marketing needs to understand the basics of color theory because no matter what you are using color in your content. Back To Top Primary Color Primary colors are the three colors that make all other colors. They are red, blue, and yellow. These three colors can be used to create the next level of colors, called the secondary colors. Exceptions, of course, abound when it comes to talking about primary colors. If you're talking color theory in regards to light, your primary colors would be cyan, magenta, and yellow. Let's not forget CMYK for print and RGB for screens or monitors. And, when mixing paint, it matters what particular pigment you're using to get that red in order to come up with the proper new color. But let's keep this simple and stick with red, blue, and yellow. Back To Top Secondary Color Secondary colors are purple, green, and orange. They are created using the primary colors. If you look on the color wheel, you'll find the secondary colors in between two primary colors. Color Guide: red + blue = purple blue + yellow = green red + yellow = orangeBack To Top Tertiary Color Tertiary colors take  secondary colors one step further. They are the "two-name" colors, such as red-purple, red-orange, yellow-green, etc. They are created by adding more of one primary color than the other creating not a true secondary color. It ends up being closer to the primary color. Back To Top Pure Color Primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, without the addition of white, black, or a third color, are pure (or saturated) colors. They are intense, bright, cheery, and untainted colors. These are the colors of children's toys, daycare decor, and summer clothes. Back To Top Tints When white is added to a pure color, you get a tint. Some people refer to these as pastel colors. They are lighter and paler than a pure color, and not as intense. Tints range from slightly whiter to almost-white. Back To Top Shades When black is added to a pure color, you create a shade. These darken and dull the brightness of pure colors, and range from slightly darker to almost black. Back To Top Tones When gray (black + white) is added to a pure color, you create a tone. You often hear people saying that a color needs to be "toned down", meaning it's too intense and they want to drop the level of intensity. Adding black and white in different amounts to a color subdues the intensity quickly. Back To Top The Completed Color Wheel Whew! So there we have it: a complete color wheel with primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, plus their tints, shades, and tones. You can see how it all fits together on the color wheel below. Cool colors are all on the left side of the wheel, in the blues and greens. The warm colors are all on the right side of the wheel, in the yellows and reds. Now that you understand color theory and the color wheel, you can start to use color purposefully in your content marketing. Back To Top Using Contrast Correctly With  Color When it comes to color techniques, the use of contrast is particularly important, and it's probably the one that will lead you to butt heads with your designer the most. Contrast is how one color stands apart from another. It's what makes text or objects distinguishable from the background. High contrast is when colors easily stand apart from each other. Low contrast is when they don't. Often, people assume a difference in color is what creates contrast, but that's not true. You might have two colors that are completely different  but have no contrast at all because  their tone is the same. To test out your colors contrast, turn them into grayscale and review their contrast. Colors, in their pure form, have inherent differences in how light and dark they are. Yellow is bright, for example, while blue is darker. Yellow  and orange  have little contrast with each other, despite being different colors. When different colors have the same tone (level of gray as you  just learned), they will not have much contrast, either. It isn't enough to simply pick two different colors when making decisions about contrast. Using High And Low Contrast Generally, high contrast is the best choice for important content, because it is most easily seen. Dark on light or light on dark–it's the easiest to read. It might not be exciting, but it is readable. One word of caution, though: If everything is high contrast, nothing stands out and it's tiring on the eye after a while. (e.g. Think of black computer screens with bright green text.) Designers often prefer low contrast techniques. They like to make things look beautiful, but beautiful isn't always the best for readability. Tone-on-tone similar colored combinations are very popular and while their subtlety is quite attractive, they are also difficult for people to read. Pro Tip: Try to find the balance between beautiful color schemes, and legibility for optimal clarity in your visuals. In order to use similar colors, while getting the contrast you desire, create a color scheme with both complementary and analogous colors. What's that? Let's keep reading! Choose #colors and contrast that is readable. Beautiful content that can't be read is a fail....Back To Top Choosing Color Combinations The color wheel can help you choose great color combinations for your call to action button, your infographics, and your lead collection pop-up. Keeping your color combinations simple will help you in the long run. A study from the  University of Toronto  showed on how people using  Adobe  Kuler revealed most people preferred simple color combinations that relied on only 2 to 3 favorite colors. People like simplicity; it makes your content easier to understand if they don't have to interpret it through many colors. And remember, color has meaning  so each color adds or takes away from your message. Too many colors make for a confusing message. So how do you choose those 2 or 3 colors? The color wheel can help. Using Complementary (Opposite) Colors Complementary color combinations make things stand out. Complementary colors are "opposite" colors. They are opposite of each other on the color wheel, meaning the one color they lack is that one opposite of them. They are geographically and color-wise the opposite, and provide a kind of visual tension because they are so opposed to each other. You might even notice that some of your favorite sport teams use  complementary colors. From football to hockey, opposite colors are used for some great color combinations. Blue is the opposite of orange. Red is the opposite of green. Yellow is the opposite of purple. Opposites attract! When the human eye sees a painting full of different kinds of greens, any bit of red is going to stand out amazingly well. Why? Because red is the opposite color of green. When the eye has been looking at a lot of the same color, it wants to see the opposite for a visual break. Using complementary colors is the easiest way to get something to stand out. Use them with caution to keep your content from being too visually jarring. You don't want 50% orange and 50% blue because neither color wins and it causes distress to the eyes. Pro Tip: pick a primary color as your main color, and then accent it with its complement color for more of a 7:3 ratio. This provides a beautiful color pairing, but also lets your eyes break on the opposite color. Let's look at the homepage as an example. What colors do you see? It's mainly  blue, but our most important button, the "Get Started Free Now" button, is orange. Orange  is the opposite color of blue. In a sea of dark blue,  your eye is going to naturally notice orange  faster than any other color. We also ensured that the orange button contrasted from the dark blue to make it even more visually present. Back To Top Caution: Addressing Color Blindness A quick word of caution:  Red and green, two complementary colors, present a sticky problem. Some people have  color blindness and cannot distinguish between certain colors, and red and green are a common problematic combination.Colors with heavy amounts of red and green in them get bungled up, too. Did you know that Facebook is blue because Mark Zuckerberg is red-green colorblind? He sees blues the best. The above example shows the three types of color blindness: Deuteranope, protanope, and tritanope. Similar to Mark who sees blue best, it's no wonder why blue is one of the more popular colors as it stretches even beyond color blindness. To help with color blindness when using  complementary colors, remember there must be high contrast. Try to never use a color solely as the information source. Include text in graphs and infographics whenever possible as well. High contrast and additional text  will ensure that even when color blindness is present, your visuals will be both readable and enjoyable to see. Back To Top Using Split Complementary Colors If you want to use three colors instead of just two, using split complementary color schemes is a way to capitalize on the power of complementary colors but add a third color to your palette. To use it, you'll choose one color as your base color, and then the two colors adjacent to its opposite. For example, if we decided to choose green as our main color, we'd look across the color wheel for its complementary color, red. Then, look to the two colors directly beside it. Now, we have green, red-orange, and red-purple for a perfect split complementary color scheme. A split complementary color scheme doesn't have quite the same level of tension that a complementary color scheme does, but it's still visually exciting for your eye. It also adds a level of variety to your color scheme that can be used in a very dynamic, meaningful way. Back To Top Using Analogous Colors Analogous colors sit next to each other on the color wheel. They are "related", a kind of family of colors that creates pleasing and relaxed visuals. They aren't jarring, opposite, or clashing. They also don't stand out from one another. Analogous colors can create subtle and beautiful content, but you may need to add  a complementary color to get any particular item to stand out. Back To Top Using Monochromatic Colors Monochromatic colors are a single color, with its tints, shades, and tones. They are even more soft and subtle than analogous colors since it's a color palette based on one single color. Monochromatic colors work great when paired with a single complementary color. On the website, we use monochromatic blue  colors with orange  for the content we want to get noticed. Most designers- when using complementary colors- pair a rich collection of monochromatic colors with a single complementary color. Pair a rich collection of monochromatic colors with a single complementary #color #design Back To Top Using Triangle, Rectangle And Square Colors It isn't difficult to create color combinations that stretch the boundaries of the easy power of complementary opposites and the related analogous and monochromatic palettes. All you need is a triangle, rectangle, and a square. A triangle (triad) is a color combination made of three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. A rectangle (tetradic) is a color combination made of four colors that are made up of two complementary pairs. A square is similar to a rectangle palette, but the two sets of complementary pairs are colors evenly spaced around the circle. These three combinations can be visually noisy if you're not careful. The best application is to use one color as the dominant color, and the others for highlighting content. The triangle combination is particularly vibrant; three is a "stable" number and using three colors is visually stabilizing. Back To Top The Psychology of Colors in Marketing Color is an essential tool because it has an impact on how we think and behave. Color directs our eye where to look, what to do, and how to interpret something. It puts content into context. It helps us decide what's important and what's not.  That's precisely why, as a content marketer, you need to understand what colors mean  to people. While color psychology has been studied and analyzed over time, the psychological impact of color is still moderately subjective. We don't all react the same way to colors, as we all have previous experiences with colors from significant events, cultures, people, and  memories. However, there are a few generalities about how people respond to color, and that's what we're going to look at. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Red Red is a very powerful, dynamic color that reflects our physical needs whether to show affection and love, or to portray terror, fear,  and survival. Red is also a very energizing color that can portray friendliness and strength, but can also be demanding and show aggression depending on its context. Overall, if you're looking to have a really powerful presence or get someone's attention fast, red is your go-to color. Just remember to use it sparingly to avoid the extreme negative reactions it can so easily awaken. Red is commonly seen: Stop lights, Valentine's Day, and horror films. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Orange Orange has a very interesting psychological meaning as it combines red's power and energy with yellow's friendliness and fun. The mix makes orange  a good representation of  physical comfort in our warmth, food, and shelter. (It even stimulates our appetite so watch out if you're hungry!) Orange is also known to be a color of motivation, lends  a positive attitude, and general enthusiasm for life. Overall, orange is great for bringing comfort in tough times, and creating a sense of fun or freedom in your visuals. Orange  is commonly seen:  Fruits, sporting events, and board games. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Yellow Yellow is the epitome of joy, happiness, cheerfulness, optimism- you name it. Anything happy is almost always yellow. The wavelength of yellow is particularly long, making it  have one of the most powerful psychological meanings, while also being the easiest color to visibly see. (Did you know yellow is the first color infants respond to?) Whenever you need to lift someone's spirits, increase their confidence, or provide inspiration, use yellow. However, avoid using yellow too much because it's also known to  make us more critical causing self esteem issues, fear, or anxiety. Find the right balance of yellow to motivate rather than bring others down. Yellow  is commonly seen:  Traffic crossings and signs, smiley faces, and window-front displays. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Green Green is a color of balance and harmony. It lends us a clearer sense of right from wrong since green  incorporates  a balance of both the logical and emotional. Green is one of the most-seen  colors in nature reflecting life, rest, and peace. It  is also a sign of growth, whether that's in a physical object like plants  or in our income and wealth. Overall, if you're looking to portray health,  rest, and to relieve stress, green is your color. While green does have minor negative aspects like over-possession and materialism, it has a more positive affect than most other colors. Green  is commonly seen:  Nature, economic exchange,  health-based stores, and restaurants. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Blue Blue is known for its trust and dependability. It's reliable, responsible, and mentally soothing. For that reason alone, it's one of the most-liked colors across the entire world. Unlike red, blue lends a more mental reaction rather than physical that allows us to destress, calm down, and think of the most ideal situation. Unfortunately, it also is one of the last colors to be seen, and can be perceived as distant, cold, or unfriendly if used it great amounts. Overall, blue is a well-liked color that can bring a sense of calmness and trust when building relationships, especially in marketing. Blue  is commonly seen:  Workout facilities, hospitals, and spas. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Purple Purple is most commonly known for its imagination and spirituality. It possesses the energy and power of red, with the stability and reliability of blue, making it a perfect balance between the physical and spiritual. Purple is often used to show luxury, loyalty, courage, mystery, and magic. It's a very intriguing color as it soothes, but also presents space for mystery and new ideas. This is why creativity is most often associated with the color purple. When using purple, avoid using it too often as it can also cause too much introspection or distraction as thoughts begin to wonder. Purple  is commonly seen:  Magic shows, fairy tales, and luxury products. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Pink Pink is a softer, less intense version of red that creates a sense of compassion and unconditional love. While it's a very physical color, it soothes rather than stimulates, making it a perfect color for caring, understanding, and nurturing those in need. Pink is a sign of hope. It  is also known to be very romantic as it shows empathy and sensitivity. If too much pink is used, it can be very draining, show a lack of power, and even immature. Overall, pink can be a great counter-option to the color red when used appropriately. Pink is commonly seen:  Cancer patients, little kid objects, and bathroom  products. Back To Top The Color Psychology of Brown Brown, while maybe not the most visual stimulating color, is a great sign of structure, security, and protection. Whether it's family, friends, and material possessions, brown offers constant support. It's also a very serious, down to earth color you  can use where black might be too intense. The downfall to brown is that it's the most safe color and can seem reserved, scheduled, and boring. Overall, use it when necessary, but don't depend on it too  heavily. Brown  is commonly seen:  Campgrounds, home furnishings, and coffee shops. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Gold Gold has quite a few different meanings depending on your culture. Across the world, though, gold consistently represents some variation  of charm, confidence,  luxury, and treasure. It  also can have an element of friendliness, abundance, and prosperity that is naturally attractive. Too much gold, however, can seem egotistical, proud, and self-righteous. Similar to colors like brown and black,  try to use gold more sparingly to highlight rather than be the main attraction. Gold  is commonly seen:  Luxury products, rings, and trophies. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  Black Black is a color of sophistication, seriousness, control, and independence. Although, it can also be used to show evil, mystery, depression, and even death. Black is  a very reserved color that completely lacks any light  as its an absence  of all the colors. It likes to stay hidden, in control, and separate from others. For this reason, black is a great color for high contrast and easy legibility. Unfortunately, since its a very powerful color, too much black can cause sadness and overall negativity so use it sparingly and in your text more so than the visuals itself. Black is commonly seen:  Professional attire, luxury products, and limos. Back To Top The Color Psychology of  White White is color that is complete and pure,  making it a perfect example of purity, innocence, cleanliness, and peace. White can also represent  new beginnings, providing a blank slate, and gives refreshment for new ideas. Since white has an equal balance of all the colors, it can exemplify several meanings, with equality outweighing them all. White is a great color for simplicity, cleanliness, and idea creation; however, avoid using too much white as it can cause isolation, loneliness, and emptiness. White  is commonly seen:  Weddings, website backgrounds, and doctor's waiting rooms. More Scientific Findings of Color Back To Top Bright Colors Faber Birren, a 20th-century color researcher and author of  Color Psychology And Color Therapy, discovered something interesting about general color groups. He  found that bright light and bright colors promoted "big muscle" activity, while softer and deeper colors promoted mental and visual tasks better. He also discovered that red stimulates our nervous system while blue relaxes it. Red and related colors also caused people to overestimate the passage of time  while cooler colors like green and blue were the reverse. That means that: Bright colors promote physical activity  but make the passage of time seem slower. Cooler and softer colors are better for mental activity and make the time seem to fly by.Cooler and softer #colors are better for mental activity and make the time seem to fly by!Back To Top Cultural Color Color also means different things in different cultures. According to researcher Joe Hallock "Eskimos use 17 words for white as applied to different snow conditions, where in the Northwest United States there are only 4 or 5." Every culture understands a color differently. It has a role to play in religion, politics, ceremony, and art. The culture your audience is in affects how they understand deeper meanings of color. Even the context you use the color in affects the meaning of color. For example, in India, red means purity, while in the U.S. it denotes passion and specific holidays. Back To Top Word Connections To  Color In a survey, people were asked to choose the color they associated with particular words. Trust:  Most chose the color blue (34%), followed by white (21%) and green (11%) Security:  Blue came out on top (28%), followed by black (16%) and green (12%) Speed:  Red was overwhelmingly the favorite (76%) Cheapness:  Orange came first (26%), followed by yellow (22%) and brown (13%) High Quality:  Black was the clear winner (43%), then blue (20%) High Tech:  This was almost evenly split, with black the top choice (26%) and blue and gray second (both 23%) Reliability:  Blue was the top choice (43%), followed by black (24%) Courage:  Most chose purple (29%), then red (28%), and finally blue (22%) Fear/Terror:  Red came in first (41%) followed by black (38%) Fun:  Orange was the top choice (28%), followed closely by yellow (26%) and then purple (17%) Blue is clearly a color people are positively drawn to, but beyond that, little else can be said. Depending upon the context of the rest of your content, black can mean high quality and trust, or it can mean fear and terror. It can't do it on its own, but surrounded by your content, a color choice can bump up your intended meaning a notch. Blue is one of the most preferred colors, with the most positive connotations. #color #creativityBack To Top Preferred  Colors By Gender Compiling the results of many studies, the Kissmetrics blog came up with an excellent infographic  on how men and women experience and react to color differently. Men and women have different color preferences. According to both the Kissmetrics blog and  Hallock: Blue is the favored color by both men (57%) and women (35%), though it is more heavily favored by men. Men dislike brown the most while women dislike orange the most. Colors that were disliked were also seen as "cheap." Men tolerate achromatic colors (i.e. shades of gray) better. Women preferred tints while men preferred pure or shaded colors. A majority of men (56%) and women (76%) preferred cool colors in general. Orange and yellow grow increasingly disliked as both genders get older. Women see more colors than men, generally. They are more aware of slight color differences within a color range. This may explain why men simply call the color blue...blue. Women, on the other hand, see cerulean, sky, teal, turquoise, and all sorts of varieties of blue. Perhaps it is a combination of being able to visually see more differentiation and considering it worthy of a more specific name. Perhaps men are better able to tolerate both colorless and bright color palettes because they aren't as sensitive to the nature and nuances of the color as women seem to be. Did you know that women see more colors than men? #color #contentmarketingWhat does this mean for you? Well, is your audience mostly men or is it women? What age are they? Do the colors you're using in your content marketing attract or repel that audience? If your audience is women, in particular, you must carefully choose colors that are not too raucous. If you are selling a luxury product, you want to avoid colors that are seen as cheap. Back To Top Mood Colors And Emotions (Infographic) There are a few generalized understandings of what specific colors often mean to a large cross-section of people, with each color having negative and positive emotions associated with it. Back To Top Color Brand Recognition How people behave when they see color has a direct effect on your conversions. Will they click the button on your CTA? Will they read your pop-up graphic? Will they notice your email subscription box? According to the Institute for Color Research, people make a judgment about your content in  90 seconds or less. And, up to 90% of that judgment in that brief amount of time is influenced by the colors they see.  Blogger Neil Patel gives further proof of how colors affect your conversion rate, revealing that 85% of consumers base buying decisions on color, and that full-color ads in magazines get recognized 26% more often than plain old black and white ads. In fact, color helps people recognize your brand by up to 80%. It's important to choose your color carefully, and stick with it. When it comes to getting people to click a button or sign up, it's not a question of which color is magic and makes it happen all the time. It's a question of passive and active colors, of high and low contrasts, and of opposites, like our example where the orange  button stood out from the blue. And it's a question of which color tested best for you. Recommended Reading: How To Create A Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Back To Top Testing Your Best Colors: A Case Study The color combination of orange and blue is a powerful one. It's fairly safe in respects to color blindness, and repeatedly gets favorable marks by people as a combination. But is it enough to just pick a great combination? Not at all; you need to know how to use those colors individually. Let's look at and our Facebook promotions as an example. We've created several designs over the last year, some  with a blue backgrounds, and others  with orange backgrounds. The promotions with the orange backgrounds  consistently made people  more likely to click than those with the blue backgrounds! It made sense, though. Think about Facebook. It is a predominantly blue network, and so our orange image stood out more than our blue image did. This doesn't mean that orange is the color you must use. It means we tested our two colors and found that orange worked the best Test your colors to find out which colors will make people click into your content more often.It means we tested our two colors and found that orange worked the best for us on Facebook. It might even vary from social network to social network so make sure that you do your own testing. What worked on Facebook might look different than Twitter. You need to find out if your red button beats your green button (as Hubspot discovered) on your own. The color of the rest of the page, your content, and the placement objects will make your results different from what someone else has discovered. Back To Top Now You're A  Color Psychology  Expert! Color in general is fascinating to study, from both a theory and psychological standpoint. From Newton, Goethe, Itten, Hering, Young-Helmholtz, Birren, or  Mà ¼ller  (yes, there have been many theories on color throughout history),  the lowly color wheel has been considered and reconsidered again and again. The effect color has on us and our behavior has been studied repeatedly. When it comes to choosing colors, you must test.  You cannot know how your audience will respond to your colors in your content and layout without creating thoughtful A/B tests to determine which color combinations and placements generate the most leads and traffic in your content.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Case study - Essay Example The main attraction that is established for the Harrahs customer relationship strategy is presenting the customer a combination of all facilities at the same place (Watson and Volonino). These can be lavish hotels, shopping malls, and attractions such as massive dancing water shows and a replica of the Eiffel Tower. Here the Harrahs customer relationship strategy is established by seeing and understanding relationships with their customers. They believed that strong customer service relationships are built on customer knowledge. This is done through gathering each and every aspect of customer behaviors in the form of the marketing data and information. This whole structure provides for the effective implementation and execution of Harrahs customer relationship strategy (Watson and Volonino). â€Å"In closed loop marketing, data can simply be transferred between marketing and sales, and clients can be examined through the suspect-to-sale range† (Anderson). In implementing closed loop marketing a customer or player is selected that is already known to the Harrahs business (Watson and Volonino). In this campaign a special offer according to customer behavior and playing position is offered. In this offer a special message is sent. This involves the presentation of some hotel stays, special visits, special playing offers and credit. The decision of offer is presented according to the past visits of client to the Harrahs casino. The overall pervious data regarding customer playing is recorded and decision is made on the basis of that data if he requires some offer. For example a player has lost his pervious five games and now he is really dissipated with the Harrahs casino. His all record will be analyzed, like his lost money, main playing behaviors and additional det ails. After that a special offer that offers him one night stay in luxurious hotel, $30 credit or and additional offer. This will attract

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment in the Mental Health Setting - Essay Example Assessment is the first stage of the nursing process and begins with the collection of information about a patient (Hinchliff et al, 2003). In a broad sense, assessment is the foundation of nursing care and is a continuous process that nurses apply in their delivery of care (Ryrie and Norman 2010). Barker (2004) also identifies assessment as an estimation of a person’s character, and as a â€Å"decision making process based upon the collection of relevant information, using a formal set of ethical criteria, that contributes to an overall estimation of a person and his circumstances†. However it has been suggested that mental health nursing profession should integrate the broad principles of recovery approach into every aspect of nursing practice including that of assessment (DH 2006). Furthermore, a number of standardised assessment tools has been developed to support nurses further in fulfilling their professional task in clinical measurement and also in providing â₠¬Å"a general outline or the presentation of the person at a particular point in time† (Barker 2004). This essay will now identify, using evidence-based practice, a formal assessment tool used in the assessment of a patient in an acute inpatient assessment ward during a recent clinical placement. Relevant references will be cited to support statements and conclusions; appendices will also be provided to give a sample of the assessment tool used during the placement. In accordance with the Nursing & Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Conduct (2002) guidelines, certain parts of this original essay such as the patient history will be omitted to maintain confidentiality and protect anonymity. The setting is an acute inpatient ward and a mixed gender unit. It provides a safe environment for assessment, treatment and therapeutic work helping to secure the full spectrum of mental health conditions designed to promote recovery as stated by the Department Of Health (2006). In this essay, I will pay attention to the use of the assessment instrument: Becks Depression Inventory (BDI). This inventory is basically composed of a series of queries conceptualized to measure the intensity and severity of patients with a diagnosis of mental health disorders (Polgar, 2003). The long form covers 21 questions which are meant to evaluate a specific symptom manifest among people with depression. The shorter form is composed of seven questions and is meant to be carried out by primary care givers (Polgar, 2003). This assessment tool was originally meant to evaluate and monitor depression among patients in the mental health setting and is now widely used as a measure and evaluation tool for patients with potentially depressed symptoms. I am fully aware of ethical issues on consent and so I gained a valid and informed consent of the patient in accordance with the NMC provisions (2002, section 3). The patient was made aware that this work would be confidential (NMC, 200 2, section 5). To protect her identity, she will be referred to as Helen in this paper. Helen is 65 years old and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She is currently in the acute mixed gender ward for assessment and treatment. For the past several years she has been admitted on and off into the ward similarly for depressed symptoms, and sometimes for manic symptoms. Rationale in selecting one type of assessment tool Using one type of assessment tool is crucial to the delivery of nursing care. The single assessment process applied to the patient helps to ensure that â€Å"older people’s needs are accurately assessed without needless duplication across different agencies†

Detecting Deception From Nonverbal Behaviours

Detecting Deception From Nonverbal Behaviours Deception involves various factors that influence behaviours (Kraut, 1980). Three theoretical perspectives (the emotional, cognitive effort and attempted behavioural control) are often used to explain the relationship between deception and behavior. Depaulo, Lindsay et als (2003) meta-analysis of cues to deception summarized 158 indicators of cues and 1338 estimates from previous studies, compared to truth tellers, liars tend to have more tense voice, less pleasant looking faces, more lip pressing, show more word and sentence repetitions and speech errors. The results provided general support for the theoretical perspectives, but most of them only show a weak relationship with deception. With regard to nonverbal behavior, there is no single behavior that all liars show each time they lie, and no theoretical perspective that directly exams nonverbal behavior correlates with deception (DePaulo, Stone, Lassiter, 1985; Vrij, 2000). There are a number of physiological ways to determine whether a person is lying or not, some of them involved the use of machines, such as lie detectors; Nonverbal cues to deception vary from person to person, depending on the interpersonal differences (Ekman, 1972; Feldman Phillipot, 1993). Considering all these facts, this review is limited to nonverbal behavior cues to deception that can be detected by humans without the aid of any special equipment. It is also limited to studies of adults. However, the theoretical perspectives on nonverbal cues to deception will be summarized, the accuracy rate of detecting lies through all different types of studies will be outlined, and the reason for why only a few and rather weak relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception. Theories of deception Ekman and Friesen (1969) published the first influential theoretical statement about cues to deception. They described two categories of cues: leakage cues (the nonverbal act reveals a message otherwise being concealed) and deception cues (the nonverbal act suggest that deception is occurring but doesnt reveal the concealed message). Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1974) proposed that certain aspects of nonverbal behaviour are less controllable than others. They noted that these parts of the body such as hands and legs are rarely used in conscious communication. Hence, these parts emit more leakage than the face, because deceivers pay less attention to controlling the body. However certain paralinguistic aspects of speech, such as tone, pause and pitch, may be less controllable than either face or the body. Therefore, they are more likely to leakage (Scherer, 1986). Ekman and Friesen (1974) hold the belief that deception is associated with an increase in body movements, but research evidence showed a decrease in hand, foot and movements in actual deception (Vrij, 1995; Ekman, 1989; Depaulo, 1992). Zuckerman, Koestner and Driver (1981) found that people hold many incorrect beliefs about those specific cues to deception. People from different countries and with different professional background share beliefs about how liars behave and what they say. Therefore, measuring beliefs about cues to deception might predict which cues people use in actual lie deception (Granhag Hartwig, 2004). Forrest, Feldman and Tyler (2004) found that people with more accurate beliefs about cues to deception make better lie detectors than people with less accurate beliefs. The explanation for showing a decrease in movements might be due to stress, and behave nervously when they lie. Three theoretical perspectives that are particularly important for predicting and explain the nonverbal deceptive behaviour are emotional reactions, cognitive effort and attempted behavioural control (Zuckerman, Depaulo Rosenthal, 1981; Vrij, 2000). Although research has revealed there is no typical deceptive behaviour, some behaviours are more likely to occur during deception, for example, liars waited longer before giving an answer than truth tellers (Depaulo, Lindsay et al, 2003; Sporer Schwandt; 2006). In the emotional approach, to the extent that telling a lie is most commonly associated with three different emotions: guilt, fear and excitement (Ekman, 1989), liars experience guilt about lying as well as fear about being caught, more often than truth tellers, or they may feel excited because of the opportunity to fool others. Zuckerman et al, (1981) suggested liars might fidget more than truth tellers and make less eye contact. They also suggest fear may result in increased ph ysiological arousal, and this might lead to an increased in cues such as an increased speech hesitations (mms and ers) and speech errors. Excitement may result in behaviour sighs of joy, e.g. an increase in movements and in smiling. The cognitive effort approach assumes that it is cognitively difficult to formulate a lie consistent with what others already know. Liars will be more inclined than truth tellers to monitor and control their demeanour to make them look honest (Depaulo Kirkendol, 1989). There are evidences to suggest that people engaged in cognitive complex tasks make more speech hesitation, longer response latencies, more gaze aversion and fewer hand and arm movements (Ekman Friesen, 1972). The attempted behavioural control approach assumes liars are stressed so that may attempt to control their behaviour in order to avoid giving nonverbal cues to deception (Buller Burgoon, 1996; Ekman, 1989). For example, people hold the beliefs that liars tend more often to make spe ech hesitations, errors so that they will deliberately try to avoid making such behaviours. Nevertheless, this controlled behaviour may appear planned, rehearsed and lacking in spontaneity. However, some behaviours are not easy to control, because they are linked to strong felt emotion or high stress, such nonverbal cues may betray a lie (Ekman, 1985, 2001). Darwin (1872) suggested that muscles that are difficult to activate voluntarily might escape efforts to inhibit expression, revealing true feelings. Ekman, Roper Hager (1980) found that fewer than 25% of their subjects were able to deliberately produce several facial actions. Thus, nonverbal behaviours may nonetheless be the best source of emotional leakage of deception (Ekman Friesen 1969, 1975). All three of these processes could occur simultaneously. The occurrences of these processes should depend on the type of a lie. Emotional cues (e.g. nervous behaviours) are more likely to occur in high stake lies (Ekman Frank, 1997). Liars have to think hard when the lie is complex, therefore, cognitive load are more likely to occur in complicated lies than in easy lies (McCornack, 1997). Attempting to control behaviours may often occur in motivated liars, who actively address their behaviour and try to appear credible (Depaulo Kirkendol, 1989). However, Depaulo, Lindsay et, al,s (2003) self-presentation perspectives point out that truth tellers may also experience emotion or cognitive load. That is, they may also show nonverbal cues associated with emotion or cognitive load. Because both truth tellers and liars could face negative consequence if they are not be believed (Ofshe Leo, 1997). Moreover, truth tellers are less likely to think that it is important to make a convincing im pression on others. Therefore, they could probably show behaviour that appears suspicious (Vrij Mann, 2001). However, those theoretical perspectives may lead to opposite behaviours, for example, the emotional and cognitive load predicted an increase in speech hesitation and speech errors, whereas, the attempted control approach predicted that liars will try to control those speech disturbances in order to make them look honest, and therefore their speech will sound fluent and smooth. Buller and Burgoons (1996) interpersonal deception theory suggested that deceptive behaviour may not only be influenced by psychological variables such as emotion or motivation but also interpersonal communicative process. It emphasized that while managing their emotions and displaying credible nonverbal behaviour simultaneously, they may also monitor targets behaviours and make the appropriately turn-taking. Therefore, Buller and Burgoon (1996) predicted that deceivers in interactive contexts will display increasing fluency, smooth turn-taking and composure during the face to face communication. Based on the Zuckerman et als (1981) three perspectives, they further proposed two type of deceivers behaviours: strategic behaviours (intentional behaviours and plans to protect liars image and avoiding relationship problems) ¼Ã…’ non-strategic leakage (unintentional leakage such as physiological arousal and nervousness). As a result, motivated liar used more strategic behaviours than i nstrumentally motivated liars. Accuracy in detecting deception by observing its behaviour correlates In research studies of nonverbal cues to deception, observers are typically given video footage or sometimes audiotapes from a number of people who are either lying or telling the truth. Average accuracy in detecting deceit has rarely been above 60%, and some groups have done even worse than chance, where 50 % is chance level (Kraut, 1980; Depaulo, Zuckerman Rosenthal; 1980; Vrij Graham; 1997). Similarly accuracy rates are reported by Vrij (2000), who reviewed a series of 39 studies investigating laypersons accuracy at detecting deception and found the overall accuracy rate of 56.6%.The accuracy range in most studies is the 54% to 56%, and in none of the experiment either lower than 30% or higher than 64%. The observers showed higher accuracy rate for truthful statement (67%) compared to deceptive statement (44%), which indicated that observers are more likely to consider that messages are truthful than deceptive. It has been suggested that because most participants were lay person s, who are more often confronted with truthful than with deceptive statements in daily life (OSullivan, Ekman, Friesen, 1988). However, these findings may not be applicable to the performance of professional detectors, such as police officers. Because they are more practiced, this may increase their detection accuracy. Ekman and OSullivan (1991) examined 509 professional lie catchers to detect deceit, including law-enforcement personnel, such as members of the Secret Service, police officers, as well as college students and working adults. The results showed that certain group do better than others, it has shown that members of Secret Service (64% accuracy rate), Central Intelligence Agency (73% accuracy rates), and Sheriffs (67% accuracy rates) were better lie detector than other groups. The findings suggest that lie catchers used different information than did the inaccurate ones. They relied on more varied behaviours, and emphasized nonverbal more than verbal ones. The finding also showed that accuracy in identifying micro-expression test was correlated with overall accuracy. According to this assumption, researchers (Zuckman, Koestner Alton, 1984; Kohnken, 1987) provided information to observers based on behavioural measurements and trained them in recognizing micro-expression. They also repor ted this benefit only in judging by person they had received training. However, one reason for why even professional lie detectors showed low accuracy rates is probably because they dont know where to look at and hold the false cues to detect deceit. For example, most of police officers in this experiment used gaze aversion as a useful tool to detect deceit, but results showed is significant negatively correlated with use of gaze aversion. It has been argued that the disappointing accurate rates may due to the artificial laboratorial setting, and the negative consequences of getting caught are not high enough for liars to exhibit clear deceptive cues to observers. Mann, Vrij and Bull (2002) conducted the first real life study to examine police officers skills when they detect lies and truths that are told in real life situations. There were two limitations (suspect and police officers spoke different languages; they were of different nationalities). Mann, Vrij and Bull (2004) re-did the experiment and overcame the limitations in previous study. They exposed British police officers to fragments of videotaped real life police interviews with English-speaking suspects and asked them to detect truths and lies told by these suspects during their interviews. The result showed the accuracy rates for lies (66.16%) and truth (63.61%). The accuracy rates were higher than those found in laboratorial researches, and it also showed that accuracy was significantly positively correlated with perceived interview experience and negatively correlated with the use of stereotypical cues, e.g. gaze aversion. However, the deception real life studies that have been published are often of poor quality, most of the researchers were not able to obtain video footage, establish the ground truth satisfactorily, and fail to select comparable truth (Depaulo Friedman, 1998; Vrij, Mann, Bull, 2006). Some researchers have raised the stakes in laboratory experiment by offering money when they get away with their lies or telling them that being a good liar is an important indicator of success in a future career (Vrij, 1995; Ekman Friesen, 1974). However, the most impressive experiment with even higher stakes is conducted by Frank and Ekman (1997). Participants were given the opportunity to steal US $50. If they could convince the interviewer that they had not taken the money, they could keep all of it. If they fail to convince the interviewer and being judged as lying, they had to give the US $50 back and also lost their US 10$ participation fee, and some participants faced an additional punishment, they were told that they could have to sit on a cold metal chair inside a cramped, darkened room ominously labelled XXX, where they would have to endure anything from 10 to 40 randomly sequenced 110-decibel starting blasts of white noise over the course of one hour. The results showed that ability to detect high stake lies generalizes across high-stake situations and is most likely to produce emotional cues. However, a study like this raises ethical issues, and the punishments are never realistic. Therefore, it may not be possible to exam high-stakes lies in laboratory experiments. Reasons for the weak relationship between nonverbal cues and deception The theoretical perspective, outlined above, already predicted that research would reveal only a few relatively reliable nonverbal behaviour indicators of deception (DePaulo, Stone, Lassiter, 1985; Ekman, 1992; Vrij, 2000). Many explanations have been emerged for this limited accuracy, and several of these reasons will be discussed. One explanation for not finding infallible cues is that the scoring systems used to measure them are not detailed enough. Research on detecting accuracy showed that many nonverbal behaviours such as gaze aversion, fidgeting, and speech pause are commonly related to deception, but they are not valid cues (Vrij Semin, 1996). For example, frequency and duration of pauses combine were not related to deception. But it appeared liars pause longer but no more often than truth tellers when examining them separately. Also, Smith and Clark (1993) found that ums indicates higher cognitive load than uhs. Therefore examining them separately may be indicative of lying. But research (Davis, Markus et al, 2005) indicates that ums and uhs are associated with truthful answers rather than false ones. The distinction between cues accepted as invalid and cues validated through research is important. Ekman, Friesen and OSullivan (1988) found that liars make more false smiles than truth tellers, and truth tellers make more felt smiles. If the distinction between false and felt smiles is not made, the results would have shown that truth tellers smile as frequently as liars. Some researchers also failed to notice some specific movements liars make. Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1972) made a distinction between three hand movement categories: emblems (gestures with meaning, such as thumb up), illustrators, and self-adaptors. It has been investigated In Depaulos meta-analysis, and showed that emblems were not a diagnostic cue to deceit (Depaulo, Lindsay et al, 2003). However, Researcher may also failed to notice some others cues that are subtle and hard to detect by untrained observers (Davis, Markus et al, 2006). For example, micro-expressions of emotions are present only for a short period time, within 1/25 of a second. The second explanation could be that different people show different nonverbal cues to deceit. The nonverbal cues to deception people display may be influenced by their personality. The empirical evidences show that extraverts display different and few clues to deception than introverts (Riggio Friedman, 1983; Siegman Reynolds, 1983). It might be reasoned that introverts feel more uncomfortable in social interactions than extraverts. For people high in Machiavellianism, lying is a normal and acceptable way of achieving their goals, and they typically feel less guilt then others while lying, and they also dont find lying too cognitively complicated (Kashy Depaulo, 1996). It was also found that Machiavellians are more likely to engage in strategic self-presentation to influence others. Exline, Thibsuy et al, (1970) found people high in Machiavellianism kept more eye contact when lying than those in low Machiavellianism. People who find themselves good at acting also find lying easier (Gozna et al, 2001), and less intelligent people find it harder to lie (Ekman Frank, 1993; Vrij Mann, 2001). According to Buller and Burgoons Interpersonal Deception Theory, people who are high in Public Self-Conscious, e.g. politicians, try particularly hard to control their behaviour to make a good impression, such as exhibiting less eye contact or avoiding speech pause (Baumeister, 1984; Gallaher; 1992), but the findings couldnt be replicated in a deception experiment (Vrij, Edward, Bull, 2001). However, the nonverbal cues to deception can also be affected by ethnic origins and gender differences. For ethic origins or culture, as already discussed, people of different ethnicities hold different beliefs about cues to deception. Research (Sitton Griffin, 1981; Vrij Winkel, 1991) compared cues to deception in participants of different ethnic group, and no differences between ethnic groups were found. The difference in behaviour displayed by people from different ethnic origins may be the reason to lead to errors in lie detection, e.g. looking conversation partners in the eye. However, most of deception studies have been carried out in Western countries, and may lack cross-culture. Researchers rarely report gender differences in their detection experiment, because gender differences between truth tellers and liars are unlikely to occur, and there are no theoretical reasons why differences may occur in many situations (Hall, 2006). Although researches show no diagnostic cue to deception, a pattern emerges when the combination of cues is taken into account. Frank and Ekman (1997) found up to 80% of truths and lies could be detected when a trained observers paid attention to micro-expression, but 86% of truths and lies could be detected on the basis of a combination of micro-expression and the tone of voices (Ekman OSullivan, 1991). Its also supported by Vrij, Edward et al. (2002), found that accuracy rate 70.6% (truths) and 84.6% (lies) at detecting deceit when combines four nonverbal cues (illustrators, hesitations, latency period, and hand/finger movements). Other studies (Davis, Markus et al. 2005; Vrij, Akehurst et al, 2004) also showed high accuracy rates, which is the 71% to 78% range when researchers investigated a combination of behavioural cues. However, researchers suggest that more accuracy lie detection can be made if a combination cues is examined rather than each of cues individually. Summary and Conclusion This review focused on three major issues: (1) theoretical cues that associated with deception; (2) accuracy of lie detection based on nonverbal cues ;( 3) reasons for weak relationship and low accuracy between nonverbal behaviors and deception. The theoretical perspectives discussed above make clear that the relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception is complicated. In an extension of leakage hypothesis, outlined above (Ekman Friesen, 1969), three theoretical perspectives (the emotional, cognitive load and attempted control approach) are believed that can influence a liars nonverbal behaviors (Zuckerman, Depaulo Rosenthal, 1981). Deceivers may experience specific affects (e.g. guilt), they may be engaging in a more complicated processing, and they may also try to control their nonverbal displays. Depaulo, Lindsay et al.s (2003) meta-analysis of cues to deception provided general support for the theoretical perspectives discussed previously that cues associated with those three states may be most likely the indicators of deception. None of these approaches claim that the presence of these signs necessarily indicates deception. There are no theoretical perspectives that predict the diagnostic nonverbal cues that may only occur when people lie. Research show that human ability to detect deception simply by observing the senders behavior is poor, by showing accuracy rate vary from 45% to 60%. The professional lie detectors (e.g. police officers) also seem to perform poorly, none of the experiments showed accuracy rate higher than 75%. It has been argued that observers in experiments lack of skill and have false beliefs about cues to deception. Research has shown that observers improve their skills in detecting deceit if they received some information about relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception. Moreover, there are a number of methodological concerns. Most of the experiments are laboratory studies. Participants do not choose to lie but instructed to do by experimenter, and the stakes are never really high, but the deception filed studies also show the problem with video footage, ground truth, and comparable truths. Research showed that examining a combination of cues provided a high hit rate in accurately detecting whether someone was lying or telling the truth. Many explanations for few nonverbal cues to deception, most of the cues are invalid. It may be the result of inadequate scoring systems. It will be easier to find the agnostic cues to deception if observers examine nonverbal response in more detail. It may further make a difference if the frequency of occurrence or the duration of each deliberate behavior can be measured. For example, the onset time, offset time of micro-expression. Furthermore, group differences should also be taken into account, e.g. Machiavellianism, self-monitoring. The gender differences are also necessary to distinguish, but there is no theoretical evidence to support any of the hypotheses (Hall, 1980). More valuable information can be found by using a cluster of nonverbal cues, it can also explain why behaviors such as tension, ambivalence, pupil dilation, and lip pressing are emerged as cues to deceit. The situational factors may also affect to draw the conclusion, such as high or low stakes, motivation of li ars. Therefore, observers need to consider the individual differences and circumstances by examining their changes in behavior under similar situation. The scope of review is limited to adults, the effectiveness of deceiving may be markedly different in children. For future research on the cues to deception, more filed studies should be examined in order to have high stakes, and should also focus on the way that a person is interviewed in the real life in terms of the Interpersonal Deception Theory. A number of questions also needed to be addressed. For example, which behaviors should be clustered? Can the results of a combination of cues generalize across different situations?